Criminal Liability in Offenses Involving Autonomous Systems Driven by Artificial Intelligence

The outputs of AI-driven robots are inherently unpredictable and difficult to explain due to opacity. It complicates the attribution of criminal liability, which is based on individual culpability. In particular, the scope of negligent liability and the duty of care owed by developers, producers, users, and others remain contested issues in legal discourse. This study addresses these questions through German criminal law dogmatics, offering concrete suggestions. It also examines individual responsibility in product liability cases involving multiple actors within the production chain. The author has long been engaged in research at the intersection of technology and criminal law, with numerous publications.